The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage. The skull is made up of the cranium, which protects the brain, and the facial bones, which support the face and provide attachment points for muscles. The vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. It provides support and protection for the spinal cord and allows for movement of the trunk. The sternum, or breastbone, is a flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects the rib cage and helps protect vital organs such as the heart. The rib cage is made up of the ribs, along with the associated cartilage and sternum. It encloses and protects the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart and lungs. The rib cage also aids in respiration by expanding and contracting during breathing.
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