Natural selection is the process whereby certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time, based on their effect on an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. It is a key mechanism of evolution and underpins Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.The process works as follows: within a population, there is variation in traits due to genetic diversity. Some individuals possess traits that are advantageous in their environment, allowing them to survive and reproduce more successfully than others. These advantageous traits will be passed on to their offspring, who will also have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing. Over generations, the frequency of these advantageous traits will increase, while those that are disadvantageous will decrease.The environment plays a crucial role in natural selection. Certain traits may be advantageous in one environment but not in another. For example, in a forest habitat, a darker fur color may provide better camouflage against predators, while in a snowy environment, a white fur color may be more advantageous. Natural selection will favor individuals with traits that are better suited to their particular environment, which can lead to the evolution of new species or subspecies.Natural selection is influenced by several factors, including genetic variation, competition for resources, and environmental pressures. Genetic variation arises through mutations, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction, and migration of individuals between populations. Competition for resources, such as food, mates, or territory, puts selective pressure on individuals to develop traits that give them an advantage in obtaining those resources. Environmental pressures can include changes in climate, predators, or the availability of food, which also influence which traits are advantageous in a particular environment.Overall, natural selection is a fundamental process in biology that drives the adaptation and evolution of species over time. It is an ongoing and dynamic process that shapes the diversity of life on Earth.
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